You can >>Click Here<< To order Y-DNA,mt-DNA or Family Finder Tests

Please check the facebook group @ https://www.facebook.com/groups/balkangenetics/

Erhan Inal(Admin)/Genealogy Page: https://erhaninal.blogspot.com

Y-DNA Haplogroup for male-lineage:

In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA).  Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and types of mutations called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The human Y-chromosome accumulates roughly two mutations per generation. Y-DNA haplogroups represent major branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree that share hundreds or even thousands of mutations unique to each haplogroup. TMRCA ESTIMATIONS OF ALL Y-DNA HAPLOGROUPS: https://www.yfull.com/tree/

mt-DNA Haplogroup for female-lineage:
In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Understanding the evolutionary path of the female lineage has helped population geneticists trace the matrilineal inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in Africa and the subsequent spread around the globe. TMRCA ESTIMATIONS OF ALL mt-DNA HAPLOGROUPS: https://www.yfull.com/mtree/

Autosomal DNA Test for Ethnicity Estimate:

There are several autosomal DNA calculators that show Ethnicity Estimations of individuals. In fact, these estimations tell the possibility of your ethnicity. If it says that "You are %50 XX", it means that the possibility of being from XX ethnicity or XX region is %50. It does not mean that %50 of your DNA come from XX. Calculators show your ethnicity estimations based on your autosomal DNA matches with samples in reference groups that calculator's algorithm uses. Each reference group include genetically distinct individuals. That is why, estimations can not be used to calculate genetic affinity of people. And, calculators use Thresholds or limits such as 3 centiMorgans or 5 centiMorgans when finding autosomal dna matches. Therefore, calculations are valid for only recent ancestry. Individuals from different ethnic groups living in the same area for the past 500-600 years may have similar results. Check the Autosomal Match Thresholds.