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A. HARWOOD SUBGROUP Y-DNA TEST RESULTS
Our TWENTY-SIX Harwood group Y-DNA test reports so far have established TWENTY separate Harwood lines and Y-DNA profiles belonging to FIVE separate haplogroups.
1. SUBGROUP I1-THURLBY A has three closely matching testers in haplogroup I1. One claims lineage down from WILLIAM HAREWOOD, SR. OF THURLBY, England (will 1568/9), tracing back through the Harwood Families at Newington Plantation in King & Queen Co. Virginia in the 1700's. This test on the Thurlby line matches the two other I1 testers 37/37, both of which had brick walls on their lines before testing. The third matching 37/37 tester unexpectedly has the Howard surname, and his family arrived around 1903 from England. His I1 haplogroup (possible Viking/Scandinavian) has been confirmed by the deep clade test.
2. SUBGROUP I1 - REMOTES includes four remotely related I1 testers. One I1 Harwood tester in this subgroup, who also claims lineage back to William Harewood, Sr. of Thurlby, has now posted test results as I1, but is only remotely related to our other I1 Thurlby tracer.
The other three I1-REMOTES testers are also very remotely related to the three matching I1-Thurlby A testers and even more remotely related to each other.
Our second I1-REMOTES tester traces down from immigrant JAMES HARROD SR., born 1668 in Luton, Bedfordshire, and settled in Little Cove, PA, beginning the Bedfordshire-Pennsylvania Harrods. The tester comes down from James Sr.'s son John Harrod Sr. (1700 Bedfordshire - 1754 PA) through his son John Harrod Jr., born 1736. James Sr's first wife Caroline Downey was killed and scalped ca. 1737 at Little Cove, PA. James Sr. married second wife Sarah Moore, who witnessed the 1755 Great Cove Massacre.
Our third I1-REMOTES tester has the Howard surname and traces back to Christopher Howard, who was born ca. 1745 in Maryland, and died in Mocksville NC in 1815.
Our fourth I1-REMOTES tester is our first English Harwood tester, who was born in Sussex.
I Haplogroup I dates to 23,000 years ago or longer. Lineages not in branches I1, I2a or I2b are found distributed at low frequency throughout Europe.
I1 The I1 lineage likely has its roots in northern France. Today it is found most frequently within Viking / Scandinavian populations in northwest Europe and
E1b1b1a1 This branch is found primarily in northern and eastern Africa, but its presence in Mediterranean Europe suggests some lineages may have migrated directly from Africa across the Mediterranean Sea.
4. SUBGROUP R1b1-REMOTES has eight testers who are very remotely related to each other, including 7 R1b1's and one R1b. Two R1b1's are WAMH -- Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype -- the most common haplotype of the most common haplogroup. We have a 12/12 match between two R1b1 testers -- Harrod (Harriod) and Henriet -- plus a third related Harwood, plus three remotely related testers with surnames Harrod, Herod, and Harwood.
a. The first R1b1 tester in our R1b1 subgroup is HENRIET in BELGIUM, who matches 12/12 our second tester in this subgroup. Henriet traces his line back to JEAN HENRIET, who died 1674 in Couvin, Belgium. Recalculating at 37 markers and extending back in time, the FTDNATiP report shows the two 12/12 testers have a 53% probability of sharing a Most Recent Common Ancestor living within the last 49 generations -- very roughly up to 1100-1200 years ago -- consistent with an ancestor living in France or Belgium before the Norman Conquest in 1066 AD.
b. Matching the Belgian tester 12/12, our second R1b1c tester Harrod traces back to Earliest Known Ancestor RUFFIN HARROD, born 1821 in Chatham Co., NC, and died in Arkansas. His family tradition is that the name Harrod was previously spelled HARRIOD on an old family bible, suggesting that the name could have been French originally. The French Harriod surname would be consistent with the early and remote match to Henriet in France or Belgium before 1066, and the French pronunciation of Henriet might sound similar over time to the pronunciation of Harriod, especially when both are anglicized.
c. Henriet's nearest cousin in the R1b1 subgroup is our third R1b1 tester and also a WAMH -- a Harwood whose father was born in Kent, England. His line traces back to James Osborne Harwood, born in Islington, Middlesex, in 1866.
d. The fourth R1b1 tester in this subgroup traces back to GEORGE L. HEROD (c. 1808 SC / NC - 1899 Crawford AR). His R1b1 haplogroup is confirmed by a deep clade test, and he is also our second WAMH (Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype). Herod also has near matches at 37 markers with 11 Harrell testers, 1 Harrill, 1 Hairell, 1 Harwell and 1 Hurl. Surname histories suggest that Harrod/Herod surnames may come down from variations of Harold and Herrell, rather than from Harwood. This possibility could readily account for our Herod's genetic similarity with Harrell surname testers. At the same time Harwood researchers in early American records know the number of times Harwood is misspelled as Harrod or Herod, likely due to the fact of being pronounced with a slurring of syllables more like Harrod, than Har-wood.
e. The fifth subgroup tester traces back to HOWELL HARWOOD, who was born ca. 1782 NC, and who died and left a will in 1869, Stanly Co., NC. This tester is the only suggested R1b in the subgroup, with all the others being R1b1.
f. The sixth subgroup tester, R1b1, traces back through SACHEVERELL HARWOOD and his wife Ruth Barkley, who married in Shropshire in 1746, and then back to RICHARD HARWOOD, born 1626 England.
g. The seventh subgroup tester, R1b1, is our English Harwood born in Lincolnshire, and his family has lived in Lincolnshire as long as anyone in the family can remember. This test provides our first indication that the Lincolnshire Harwoods might be R1b1. Interestingly, out of our three unrelated testers claiming lineage back to Wm. Harewood, Sr., of Thurlby, Lincolnshire, NONE has tested R1b1.
h. The eighth R1b1 tester is a Harwood tracing back to EKA WILLIAM CHESTER HARWOOD, who was born in Clearfield Co., Pennsylvania, in 1887, and died in Florida in 1955. No matches yet.
R1b Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype.
R1b1 Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype.
R1b1b2 Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype.
5. SUBGROUP G2-HARWARD has one Howard-surname tester in haplogroup G2a, who traces back to Harward ancestors.
G2a The G lineage may have originated in India or Pakistan, and has dispersed into central Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The G2a branch of this lineage (containing the P15 mutation) is found most often in the Europe and the Middle East.
6. SUBGROUP J2-SURREY-CONCORD has two matching Harwood testers to date, confirmed as J2.
J2 This lineage originated in the northern portion of the Fertile Crescent where it later spread throughout central Asia, the Mediterranean, and south into India. As with other populations with Mediterranean ancestry this lineage is found within Jewish populations.
7. SUBGROUP R1a1-ENGLISH has one R1a1 Harred tester. The predicted subclade is R1a1-English to a 100% probability.
Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA) is associated with the Aryan-Kurgan culture and the expansion of Indo-European languages. It is the main haplogroup in Central and Eastern Europe, especially in Ukraine, Poland and the Czech Republic. In Scandinavia, it is one of the most common haplogroups along with I1a and R1b, and is especially common in Norway. R1a is also found at a lower percentage in places settled by the Vikings. This haplogroup is widespread as far as Central Asia and India, where it represents over 20% of the male lineages. See Eupedia for a distribution map.
B. FUN THINGS TO DO WITH YOUR HARWOOD Y-DNA TEST
Harwood testers, you can now do several interesting and fun things with your Harwood group Y-DNA test. Many could be very helpful and important to you, to any matches you may develop, and to your subgroup and group. You might want to review this updated, comprehensive list to see if you have overlooked anything.
1. Very Important: ENTER YOUR MOST DISTANT ANCESTOR INFORMATION (name and vital dates and places) so it will show up on your marker line on your group Y-Results page. Enter the info on your testkit User Preferences page, including the geographic coordinates, compressing as much MDA info as possible into the available space, and using the same format as the other testers. (If your MDA information has already been entered for you, check it on the Y-Results page to make sure it is correct.) Then any other matching or potential testers can compare your MDA info on the Y-Results page with theirs to see how you might be related. Otherwise, your test results are just numbers on a line, and it's very hard for another tester or prospect to see how he might connect up with your family. If any changes need to be made as you develop better facts on your MDA, please make them. If your earliest known ancestor-location coordinates are entered, check the ancestor-location map on the group Y-DNA Results page to see your own balloon location marker on the map along with other testers' balloon markers at their recorded ancestor locations.
2. Fun: UPLOAD YOUR MARKER RESULTS TO YSEARCH -- a free, searchable, confidential public Y-DNA database of marker results. This way you can search among all testers who have uploaded their results, including testers with other testing companies. Go to your testkit Y-DNA Matches page and click in the box to upload to Ysearch. Enter your MDA info and your gedcom on your own Ysearch User page. When more marker results are posted, remember to upload your additional results until all your results are posted with Ysearch and no further upload-to-Ysearch box appears. Then have fun playing around with their search and comparison utilities, searching by name and by genetic markers, and see what you can find. You can search for similar genetic testers who are not quite close enough to qualify as a match by FTDNA's strict criteria, but who still might be slightly more remote cousins. Uploading puts a Ysearch button on your testkit page for convenient access.
3. Fascinating: EXCHANGE INFORMATION WITH ANY MATCHING TESTERS to find how you are related to them and what they know about your common ancestors. Email them from your testkit Y-DNA Matches page by clicking on their email address. Check the fascinating TiP report that predicts how many generations ago you probably shared a Most Recent Common Ancestor with a matching tester. On your testkit Y-DNA Matches page, click on the FTDNATiP symbol to the right of the matching tester's name.
4. Useful: CONSIDER FURTHER TESTING to explore how closely you might be related, and what that could mean. You can upgrade to more markers (if you're not already at 67) or the more specialized tests. No new sample is needed, and you can order upgrades from your testkit page. When all your 67m test results have been posted, consider upgrading to the deep-clade test or deep-clade extension test on your testkit haplogroup page to explore your haplogroup sub-classification as specifically as possible. That way you may learn more specific information about the other Harwood families to whom your ancestors are related, and where your Harwood ancestors came from.
5. Very helpful: UPLOAD YOUR DIRECT PATERNAL GEDCOM (excluding living persons) to your testkit gedcom page, and to your Ysearch User page, when you have created it by uploading to Ysearch. That way it is much easier for a matching tester to figure out how he might be related to you, and vice versa.
6. Interesting: JOIN YOUR SPECIAL Y-HAPLOGROUP GROUP and your appropriate GEOGRAPHIC GROUP (both free), which you can join in addition to your surname group. Use the Join button on your testkit page, scroll down to Y Haplogroups Projects, click on your haplogroup initial, click on the particular haplogroup, and then join up. You may be able to obtain important information from your group on where you came from, and your information might help them understand the big picture better.
7. Fascinating: UPLOAD YOUR RESULTS TO THE GENOGRAPHIC PROJECT ($15), sponsored by National Geographic, working from your testkit Genographic page. It helps them build out their world-wide haplogroup-tracing matrix to include your own specific markers and family line. You receive a very interesting map and discussion of where your ancient ancestors came from and what routes they are believed to have followed in migrating up out of Africa and into Europe thousands of years ago. Read Spencer Wells' terrific book, DEEP ANCESTRY, summarizing what the Genographic Project has discovered.
8. RESEARCH YOUR SPECIAL HAPLOGROUP further by joining the forum for your special haplogroup, googling your haplogroup, reading articles mentioned on your haplogroup website and on the FTDNA website, etc.
9. Interesting: CLICK RECENT ANCESTRAL ORIGINS on your testkit page to learn what countries of origin are reported by the testers who are closest genetically to yourself, including those not having a similar surname.
10. Look at any matches you may have with other testers not having a similar surname. On your testkit User Preferences page, click to compare your results to the entire database, and then click Update to be able to view these matches on your Y-DNA matches page. If there are too many, you can click to display only 25-marker matches or higher, and you can switch back and forth as often as you like between seeing your surname-group matches only and seeing your matches with other testers of different surnames.
C. MT-DNA TEST RESULTS
Our five mt-DNA testers so far (including two female testers and three male Y-DNA testers) have been classified in three different Mitochondrial Haplogroups -- with three testers in H and one each in K and J*.
Specific mitochondrial haplogroups are typically found in different regions of the world, and this is due to unique population histories. In the process of spreading around the world, many populations—with their special mitochondrial haplogroups—became isolated, and specific haplogroups concentrated in geographic regions. Today, we have identified certain haplogroups that originated in Africa, Europe, Asia, the islands of the Pacific, the Americas, and even particular ethnic groups. Of course, haplogroups that are specific to one region are sometimes found in another, but this is due to recent migration.
H MITOCHONDRIAL HAPLOGROUP is a predominantly European haplogroup that participated in a population expansion beginning approximately 20,000 years ago. Today, about 40% of all mitochondrial lineages in Europe are classified as haplogroup H. It is rather uniformly distributed throughout Europe suggesting a major role in the peopling of Europe, and descendant lineages of the original haplogroup H appear in the Near East as a result of migration. Future work will better resolve the distribution and historical characteristics of this haplogroup.
K MITOCHONDRIAL HAPLOGROUP is included with Haplogroup U1-U7 in the mitochondrial super-Haplogroup U. Haplogroup K is found through Europe, and contains multiple closely related lineages indicating a recent population expansion. The origin of haplogroup K dates to approximately 16,000 years ago, and it has been suggested that individuals with this haplogroup took part in the pre-Neolithic expansion following the Last Glacial Maximum.
J* MITOCHONDRIAL HAPLOGROUP contains several sub-lineages. The original haplogroup J originated in the Near East approximately 50,000 years ago. Within Europe, sub-lineages of haplogroup J have distinct and interesting distributions. Haplogroup J* — the root lineage of haplogroup J — is found distributed throughout Europe, but at a relatively low frequency. Haplogroup J is generally considered one of the prominent lineages that was part of the Neolithic spread of agriculture into Europe from the Near East beginning approximately 10,000 years ago.
Our TWENTY-SIX Harwood group Y-DNA test reports so far have established TWENTY separate Harwood lines and Y-DNA profiles belonging to FIVE separate haplogroups.
1. SUBGROUP I1-THURLBY A has three closely matching testers in haplogroup I1. One claims lineage down from WILLIAM HAREWOOD, SR. OF THURLBY, England (will 1568/9), tracing back through the Harwood Families at Newington Plantation in King & Queen Co. Virginia in the 1700's. This test on the Thurlby line matches the two other I1 testers 37/37, both of which had brick walls on their lines before testing. The third matching 37/37 tester unexpectedly has the Howard surname, and his family arrived around 1903 from England. His I1 haplogroup (possible Viking/Scandinavian) has been confirmed by the deep clade test.
2. SUBGROUP I1 - REMOTES includes four remotely related I1 testers. One I1 Harwood tester in this subgroup, who also claims lineage back to William Harewood, Sr. of Thurlby, has now posted test results as I1, but is only remotely related to our other I1 Thurlby tracer.
The other three I1-REMOTES testers are also very remotely related to the three matching I1-Thurlby A testers and even more remotely related to each other.
Our second I1-REMOTES tester traces down from immigrant JAMES HARROD SR., born 1668 in Luton, Bedfordshire, and settled in Little Cove, PA, beginning the Bedfordshire-Pennsylvania Harrods. The tester comes down from James Sr.'s son John Harrod Sr. (1700 Bedfordshire - 1754 PA) through his son John Harrod Jr., born 1736. James Sr's first wife Caroline Downey was killed and scalped ca. 1737 at Little Cove, PA. James Sr. married second wife Sarah Moore, who witnessed the 1755 Great Cove Massacre.
Our third I1-REMOTES tester has the Howard surname and traces back to Christopher Howard, who was born ca. 1745 in Maryland, and died in Mocksville NC in 1815.
Our fourth I1-REMOTES tester is our first English Harwood tester, who was born in Sussex.
I Haplogroup I dates to 23,000 years ago or longer. Lineages not in branches I1, I2a or I2b are found distributed at low frequency throughout Europe.
I1 The I1 lineage likely has its roots in northern France. Today it is found most frequently within Viking / Scandinavian populations in northwest Europe and
E1b1b1a1 This branch is found primarily in northern and eastern Africa, but its presence in Mediterranean Europe suggests some lineages may have migrated directly from Africa across the Mediterranean Sea.
4. SUBGROUP R1b1-REMOTES has eight testers who are very remotely related to each other, including 7 R1b1's and one R1b. Two R1b1's are WAMH -- Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype -- the most common haplotype of the most common haplogroup. We have a 12/12 match between two R1b1 testers -- Harrod (Harriod) and Henriet -- plus a third related Harwood, plus three remotely related testers with surnames Harrod, Herod, and Harwood.
a. The first R1b1 tester in our R1b1 subgroup is HENRIET in BELGIUM, who matches 12/12 our second tester in this subgroup. Henriet traces his line back to JEAN HENRIET, who died 1674 in Couvin, Belgium. Recalculating at 37 markers and extending back in time, the FTDNATiP report shows the two 12/12 testers have a 53% probability of sharing a Most Recent Common Ancestor living within the last 49 generations -- very roughly up to 1100-1200 years ago -- consistent with an ancestor living in France or Belgium before the Norman Conquest in 1066 AD.
b. Matching the Belgian tester 12/12, our second R1b1c tester Harrod traces back to Earliest Known Ancestor RUFFIN HARROD, born 1821 in Chatham Co., NC, and died in Arkansas. His family tradition is that the name Harrod was previously spelled HARRIOD on an old family bible, suggesting that the name could have been French originally. The French Harriod surname would be consistent with the early and remote match to Henriet in France or Belgium before 1066, and the French pronunciation of Henriet might sound similar over time to the pronunciation of Harriod, especially when both are anglicized.
c. Henriet's nearest cousin in the R1b1 subgroup is our third R1b1 tester and also a WAMH -- a Harwood whose father was born in Kent, England. His line traces back to James Osborne Harwood, born in Islington, Middlesex, in 1866.
d. The fourth R1b1 tester in this subgroup traces back to GEORGE L. HEROD (c. 1808 SC / NC - 1899 Crawford AR). His R1b1 haplogroup is confirmed by a deep clade test, and he is also our second WAMH (Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype). Herod also has near matches at 37 markers with 11 Harrell testers, 1 Harrill, 1 Hairell, 1 Harwell and 1 Hurl. Surname histories suggest that Harrod/Herod surnames may come down from variations of Harold and Herrell, rather than from Harwood. This possibility could readily account for our Herod's genetic similarity with Harrell surname testers. At the same time Harwood researchers in early American records know the number of times Harwood is misspelled as Harrod or Herod, likely due to the fact of being pronounced with a slurring of syllables more like Harrod, than Har-wood.
e. The fifth subgroup tester traces back to HOWELL HARWOOD, who was born ca. 1782 NC, and who died and left a will in 1869, Stanly Co., NC. This tester is the only suggested R1b in the subgroup, with all the others being R1b1.
f. The sixth subgroup tester, R1b1, traces back through SACHEVERELL HARWOOD and his wife Ruth Barkley, who married in Shropshire in 1746, and then back to RICHARD HARWOOD, born 1626 England.
g. The seventh subgroup tester, R1b1, is our English Harwood born in Lincolnshire, and his family has lived in Lincolnshire as long as anyone in the family can remember. This test provides our first indication that the Lincolnshire Harwoods might be R1b1. Interestingly, out of our three unrelated testers claiming lineage back to Wm. Harewood, Sr., of Thurlby, Lincolnshire, NONE has tested R1b1.
h. The eighth R1b1 tester is a Harwood tracing back to EKA WILLIAM CHESTER HARWOOD, who was born in Clearfield Co., Pennsylvania, in 1887, and died in Florida in 1955. No matches yet.
R1b Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype.
R1b1 Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype.
R1b1b2 Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype.
5. SUBGROUP G2-HARWARD has one Howard-surname tester in haplogroup G2a, who traces back to Harward ancestors.
G2a The G lineage may have originated in India or Pakistan, and has dispersed into central Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The G2a branch of this lineage (containing the P15 mutation) is found most often in the Europe and the Middle East.
6. SUBGROUP J2-SURREY-CONCORD has two matching Harwood testers to date, confirmed as J2.
J2 This lineage originated in the northern portion of the Fertile Crescent where it later spread throughout central Asia, the Mediterranean, and south into India. As with other populations with Mediterranean ancestry this lineage is found within Jewish populations.
7. SUBGROUP R1a1-ENGLISH has one R1a1 Harred tester. The predicted subclade is R1a1-English to a 100% probability.
Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA) is associated with the Aryan-Kurgan culture and the expansion of Indo-European languages. It is the main haplogroup in Central and Eastern Europe, especially in Ukraine, Poland and the Czech Republic. In Scandinavia, it is one of the most common haplogroups along with I1a and R1b, and is especially common in Norway. R1a is also found at a lower percentage in places settled by the Vikings. This haplogroup is widespread as far as Central Asia and India, where it represents over 20% of the male lineages. See Eupedia for a distribution map.
B. FUN THINGS TO DO WITH YOUR HARWOOD Y-DNA TEST
Harwood testers, you can now do several interesting and fun things with your Harwood group Y-DNA test. Many could be very helpful and important to you, to any matches you may develop, and to your subgroup and group. You might want to review this updated, comprehensive list to see if you have overlooked anything.
1. Very Important: ENTER YOUR MOST DISTANT ANCESTOR INFORMATION (name and vital dates and places) so it will show up on your marker line on your group Y-Results page. Enter the info on your testkit User Preferences page, including the geographic coordinates, compressing as much MDA info as possible into the available space, and using the same format as the other testers. (If your MDA information has already been entered for you, check it on the Y-Results page to make sure it is correct.) Then any other matching or potential testers can compare your MDA info on the Y-Results page with theirs to see how you might be related. Otherwise, your test results are just numbers on a line, and it's very hard for another tester or prospect to see how he might connect up with your family. If any changes need to be made as you develop better facts on your MDA, please make them. If your earliest known ancestor-location coordinates are entered, check the ancestor-location map on the group Y-DNA Results page to see your own balloon location marker on the map along with other testers' balloon markers at their recorded ancestor locations.
2. Fun: UPLOAD YOUR MARKER RESULTS TO YSEARCH -- a free, searchable, confidential public Y-DNA database of marker results. This way you can search among all testers who have uploaded their results, including testers with other testing companies. Go to your testkit Y-DNA Matches page and click in the box to upload to Ysearch. Enter your MDA info and your gedcom on your own Ysearch User page. When more marker results are posted, remember to upload your additional results until all your results are posted with Ysearch and no further upload-to-Ysearch box appears. Then have fun playing around with their search and comparison utilities, searching by name and by genetic markers, and see what you can find. You can search for similar genetic testers who are not quite close enough to qualify as a match by FTDNA's strict criteria, but who still might be slightly more remote cousins. Uploading puts a Ysearch button on your testkit page for convenient access.
3. Fascinating: EXCHANGE INFORMATION WITH ANY MATCHING TESTERS to find how you are related to them and what they know about your common ancestors. Email them from your testkit Y-DNA Matches page by clicking on their email address. Check the fascinating TiP report that predicts how many generations ago you probably shared a Most Recent Common Ancestor with a matching tester. On your testkit Y-DNA Matches page, click on the FTDNATiP symbol to the right of the matching tester's name.
4. Useful: CONSIDER FURTHER TESTING to explore how closely you might be related, and what that could mean. You can upgrade to more markers (if you're not already at 67) or the more specialized tests. No new sample is needed, and you can order upgrades from your testkit page. When all your 67m test results have been posted, consider upgrading to the deep-clade test or deep-clade extension test on your testkit haplogroup page to explore your haplogroup sub-classification as specifically as possible. That way you may learn more specific information about the other Harwood families to whom your ancestors are related, and where your Harwood ancestors came from.
5. Very helpful: UPLOAD YOUR DIRECT PATERNAL GEDCOM (excluding living persons) to your testkit gedcom page, and to your Ysearch User page, when you have created it by uploading to Ysearch. That way it is much easier for a matching tester to figure out how he might be related to you, and vice versa.
6. Interesting: JOIN YOUR SPECIAL Y-HAPLOGROUP GROUP and your appropriate GEOGRAPHIC GROUP (both free), which you can join in addition to your surname group. Use the Join button on your testkit page, scroll down to Y Haplogroups Projects, click on your haplogroup initial, click on the particular haplogroup, and then join up. You may be able to obtain important information from your group on where you came from, and your information might help them understand the big picture better.
7. Fascinating: UPLOAD YOUR RESULTS TO THE GENOGRAPHIC PROJECT ($15), sponsored by National Geographic, working from your testkit Genographic page. It helps them build out their world-wide haplogroup-tracing matrix to include your own specific markers and family line. You receive a very interesting map and discussion of where your ancient ancestors came from and what routes they are believed to have followed in migrating up out of Africa and into Europe thousands of years ago. Read Spencer Wells' terrific book, DEEP ANCESTRY, summarizing what the Genographic Project has discovered.
8. RESEARCH YOUR SPECIAL HAPLOGROUP further by joining the forum for your special haplogroup, googling your haplogroup, reading articles mentioned on your haplogroup website and on the FTDNA website, etc.
9. Interesting: CLICK RECENT ANCESTRAL ORIGINS on your testkit page to learn what countries of origin are reported by the testers who are closest genetically to yourself, including those not having a similar surname.
10. Look at any matches you may have with other testers not having a similar surname. On your testkit User Preferences page, click to compare your results to the entire database, and then click Update to be able to view these matches on your Y-DNA matches page. If there are too many, you can click to display only 25-marker matches or higher, and you can switch back and forth as often as you like between seeing your surname-group matches only and seeing your matches with other testers of different surnames.
C. MT-DNA TEST RESULTS
Our five mt-DNA testers so far (including two female testers and three male Y-DNA testers) have been classified in three different Mitochondrial Haplogroups -- with three testers in H and one each in K and J*.
Specific mitochondrial haplogroups are typically found in different regions of the world, and this is due to unique population histories. In the process of spreading around the world, many populations—with their special mitochondrial haplogroups—became isolated, and specific haplogroups concentrated in geographic regions. Today, we have identified certain haplogroups that originated in Africa, Europe, Asia, the islands of the Pacific, the Americas, and even particular ethnic groups. Of course, haplogroups that are specific to one region are sometimes found in another, but this is due to recent migration.
H MITOCHONDRIAL HAPLOGROUP is a predominantly European haplogroup that participated in a population expansion beginning approximately 20,000 years ago. Today, about 40% of all mitochondrial lineages in Europe are classified as haplogroup H. It is rather uniformly distributed throughout Europe suggesting a major role in the peopling of Europe, and descendant lineages of the original haplogroup H appear in the Near East as a result of migration. Future work will better resolve the distribution and historical characteristics of this haplogroup.
K MITOCHONDRIAL HAPLOGROUP is included with Haplogroup U1-U7 in the mitochondrial super-Haplogroup U. Haplogroup K is found through Europe, and contains multiple closely related lineages indicating a recent population expansion. The origin of haplogroup K dates to approximately 16,000 years ago, and it has been suggested that individuals with this haplogroup took part in the pre-Neolithic expansion following the Last Glacial Maximum.
J* MITOCHONDRIAL HAPLOGROUP contains several sub-lineages. The original haplogroup J originated in the Near East approximately 50,000 years ago. Within Europe, sub-lineages of haplogroup J have distinct and interesting distributions. Haplogroup J* — the root lineage of haplogroup J — is found distributed throughout Europe, but at a relatively low frequency. Haplogroup J is generally considered one of the prominent lineages that was part of the Neolithic spread of agriculture into Europe from the Near East beginning approximately 10,000 years ago.