Project Status of the Youmans/Yeamans/Yeoman/Yeoman Y-DNA project as of 2 Oct 2020:

An article entitled: genetics and genealogy, Genealogical and Y-DNA Testing on the Yeamans/Youmans Family was published in the spring2020 addition of the American Ancestors Magazine. This article explains the results the Big Y-DNA testing to date.   A pdf copy of the article is available at this url:  https://www.thomasrogerssociety.com/Genetic2020.pdf

We now have 48 project members who have tested their Y-DNA.  Thirty one (31) of these individuals have been organized into three haplogroups.   Five(7) are in the “E” Haplogroup, six (5) are in the “I” Haplogroup, and 19 are in the “R” Haplogroup.  Focusing on the 19 members in the “R” Haplogroup, their Y-DNA test results (see Colorized Chart under DNA Results icon) show that all of them appear to have shared a common ancestor within the past 12 generations (within the past 300 years). It is also probable that one or more of these individual family groups shared a common ancestor much earlier; within the past 100 years or less especially if members are closely related.  The 300 year time frame also matches the time period when our most well documented potential ancestors Christopher Youmans/Yeamans and Sir John Yeamans arrived in America. Sir John Yeamans migrated to Barbados in 1650. Christopher Youmans/Yeamans settled in Hempstead, Long Island in 1658.  Using my father as a reference point, he was born in 1930 and he is the tenth generation which places him well within the 300 year generational timeline.

Current Efforts: As your Yeomans Project Administrator, I am pleased to announce that I am now working with David Moore to step up Y-DNA testing of men in the project and to recruit new men to test.  David Moore, whose mother is a Youmans, has extensive experience with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) testing of his Moore family.  Using various Y-DNA testing techniques, hewas successful in locating his Moore “genetic homeland” to within 40 miles of its origin in Ireland.  We hope to do the same thing with our common Yeamans-Youmans-Yeomans family ancestor.  Thus far, we have used the short tandem repeat (STR) testing technique to test the Yeamans/Youmans Y-chromosome.  It is the test everyone in the project has already taken. Y-SNP testing pinpoints a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation on the Y chromosome.  The science say sif you share a Y-SNP (snip) with another man, then you have a common ancestor with that man, thus proving kinship. The trick is determining when and where that common ancestor lived. These SNPs, very similar to a genealogical tree,form a Y Phylogenetic Tree of Mankind.  The difference is that this is based on the Y chromosome and has only men in it --father, to son, to son, etc. The SNP test we are applying is the FamilyTreeDNA's Big Y700 DNA test, which is called a Next Generation Sequencing test.  It looks for known SNPs, many thousands of them, but also looks to discover previously unknown SNPs.  Some of these new SNPs may be unique to the individual Yeomans-Yeamans-Youmans project members. 

As of 10/2/2020, we have now completed Big Y-700 DNA tests on ten (10) Yeamans/Youmans project members.  Results show they all share SNP FT161984 (think ancestor).  The results of the ten (10) tests are illustrated on Alex Williamson’s Big Tree website at URL: https://www.ytree.net/DisplayTree.php?blockID=18.  You can use the F3 key to do a key word search on Yeamans or Youmans.  Since FamilyTreeDNA does not allow graphics on their site, you have to go to the above site to better understand the discussion that follows. The graphics on this site provides a large block diagram displaying the 49 SNPs shared by all the project members who have taken the Big Y-700 DNA test.  Below the block diagram you see how the four family groupings that have emerged.  Since the order the SNPs occurred is not known, the FamilyTreeDNA uses the first SNP that was discovered as lead SNP for the branch and everyone who is under any block would be positive for any SNP above it. 

Looking at the family groupings, we see that the three (5) project members who descend from Christopher share F13736 in common and that the five (5) members who descend from Capt. Levi share SNPFT170654 in common.  The ten (10) individuals tested are listed for privacy purposes by their kit numbers.  Prior to the Big Y-700 DNA testing, it was believed based on strong circumstantial evidence that my great-great-great grandfather and father William Youmans descended from Christopher.  Now this relationship can be confirmed based on our written family genealogies and the fact that all three (3) projects members, who descend form Christopher and his son Solomon, share SNP R-F13736in common.  Kit 102136 and kit number180337 both have written proof documenting their respective lines back to Christopher Yeamans.  Kit N37694 and kit180337 share two common ancestors after the one they shared with kit102136.  This is evidenced by SNPFT162066 that only these two project members share in common.  Likewise, we see that kit MK63696 and kitMK30158 share two SNPs that reconfirms that they share Stephen Youmans as their common ancestor.  This is a fact we gleaned from their written genealogy.  The other three kit members who descend from Capt. Levi show that, while they share SNPFT170654 with the other two kit members, they descend from separate lines.  What is fascinating is how closely the Y-DNA test results for the nine (9) project members mirror their written genealogies.  Now that we have proof that all of our 18project members descend from a common ancestor as represented by SNPR-FT161984, we can begin to focus our attention on finding test candidates to be tested who reside here in America, Canada, or England who can prove their lineage back to the Yeamans Family of England.

1.   Florence Youmans, Boothe, So. Pasadena, CA 2.   John H. Greener, New York, NY 3.   H.D. Youmans, M.D. Lyons, GA 4.   Clifford E. Youmans, Greenwood, IN 5.   Lucien I. Yoemans, Chicago, IL 6.   Henry A. Yeomans, Cambridge, MA 7.   John B. Youmans, M.D., Nashville, TN 8.   Dr. G.H. Youmans, Flint, MI 9.   T. N. Yeomans, M.D., Minot, ND 10.  Morgan G. Youmans, Cincinnati, OH 11.  Edward L. Youmans, Pittsburgh, PA 12.  Henry A. Youmans, Waukesha, WI 13.  Orion L. Yeomans, West Orange, NJ 14.  Merton L. Yeamans, Minneapolis, MN 15.  Eleanor E. Yeomans, Newburg, Ontario, CD Figure 1: Advisory Board

The Importance of Written Proofs: While Y-DNA is helpful in proving kinship, it still must be backed up with written proofs.This is why we are fortunate to have the book published by Grant Samuel Youmans in 1946 entitled: “The Yeamans-Yeomans-Youmans Genealogy”.  This book provided the genealogy of both Christopher Youmans/Yeamans and Sir John Yeamans.   Published articles and letters on file in the National Genealogy Society (NGS) show that Grant spent some $15,000--a small fortune in those days--compiling “The Yeamans, Yeomans, Youmans Genealogy”. In 1926, he also founded “The International Yeamans-Yeomans-Youmans Genealogical and Biographical Society with a stated objective of compiling a complete genealogy of the Yeamans-Yeomans-Youmans families. He searched all over the world and worked on this objective with the help of his wife for over 20 years in their spare time.  His Advisory Board (Figure 1) included an impressive group of individuals located across the United States and Canada.  Before his death, in a letter to the NGS, Grant wrote that he had sufficient material to publish two more volumes explaining how all the English families, with surnames of Yeamans,Yeomans, and Youmans who settled in New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut,Virginia, Carolina, and Barbados were linked through a common ancestry.  Grant provided early evidence of his assertion of these relationships in his 1946 book.  He started with the brief genealogy of Edward Yoemans (born ca 1630 in England) of New England stating that Edward may have been a descendant of the Yeamans Family of Bristol England.  According to Grant, a clue to his ancestry may be found in the will (1645) of John Yeamans, a brewer of Bristol, England, in which the will mentions the children of his brother Edward, deceased.  The names of the children in the will were:Edward, Mary, Sarah, Elizabeth, Alice, Walter, John, and Thomas.  Grant noted that five of the children(Edward, Mary, Elizabeth, John, and Thomas) matched Edwards’ children who were born in Haverhill, MA. The original spelling of Christopher Yeamans’ name supported by the will of his brother William Yeamans gives rise to the strong possibility that he too is related to Yeamans Family of Bristol. Grant’s genealogy of Sir John Yeamans states that he was the son of John Yeamans, a wealthy brewer of Bristol, who died in 1645 and of Blanche Germain who died in1647.  There is a will document in Grant’s book supporting this well-published relationship between Sir John and his father. 

Sadly, Grant’s material was lost when the NGS transferred it to a private individual in Arizona who was supposed to have donated it to a Latter-day Saints (LDS) Library in Scottsdale Arizona abut never did.   The good news is that we do have a partially unpublished book written by John H. Greener entitled:Yeomans-Youmans Family Brooklyn, N.Y., 1927. The microfilm, which was purchased by me, was part of a larger manuscript that was never published.  My cousin transcribed the material which included about 970 of Christopher Youmans’ descendants and loaded them into a genealogy tree system which was converted into a rich text document.  This document is included in the “Overview” section of the Yoemans Y-DNA Project website.  Figure1 shows that John H. Greener was on the Grant Samuel Youmans’ advisory board.   Greener was not a trained genealogist.  He was a lawyer whose wife was a Youmans.  As a lawyer, he would have had good research skills, but like so many amateur genealogists, he was not good about writing down his sources. Grant had some criticism of Greener’s material, stating that by his own admission, he made some educated guesses when he could not find the proof to back up some of the family relationships he recorded. In using this material since I acquired it in 1999, I have yet to find it to be unreliable when I have compared it to other sources.  For example, the genealogy he has on Edward Livingstone Youmans is fully corroborated by a detailed genealogy published by John Fisk in his book “Edward Livingstone Youmans - Interpreter of the Science for the People”, published in New York by D. Appleton and Company in 1894.  I would add my own caution about the use of Greener’s material.  While several of the genealogy lines independently documented by the members below match well to Greener, make sure you check it against other sources!

Family Grouping Known Genealogy Versus Y-DNA Results:  As you look at the DNA Results tab Colorized Chart and focus in on the R1b1b2 subgroup (highlighted in a  green band), you will see there are several different spellings associated with our haplogroup surnames.  This table actually represents seven (7) different family groupings each of which is discussed in turn:

1.      Yoeman NY Line: The first family we will call the “Yeoman” line -- Kit Number: 102136.  It is comprised of one individual whose original surname was spelled Youmans.  Using his own family records, this individual traces his line back to the New York Christopher Youmans line.  This line is as follows: Christopher Youmans/Yeamans - Solomon - Eleazer - Stephen- Walter - Eli - Andrew Knox - Ord Hampton - George Edward - Edward Steven – Kit:102136.  The Y-DNA testing results predicted that this line shared a common ancestor with the New Scotland NY Line (below) within the past 8-12 generations with a 95%confidence rate at the 67 marker level. For the Yoemans NY Line and the Capt. Levi Youmans SC Line (discussed below), Y-DNA test results predicted that that these two lines shared a common ancestor with the Yeoman NY Line within the past 12 generations with a 90% confidence rate at the 67 marker level.   

2.      Youmans New Scotland NY Line: The second family is comprised of one individual -- Kit Number 180337.  This line was steeped in the New Scotland, NY area. The project member and his father grew up on a farm in New Scotland(southwest Albany Co.) that his grandfather acquired some time before 1907.  He greatly expanded this farm into one of the largest dairy farms in Albany County before it was sold out of the family in1954. His lineage is Christopher Youmans/Yeamans – Solomon – Samuel – Anthony, Sr. – Anthony, Jr. (born 1769according to Greener) – Levi – James Thorn(e) – Adelbert Clarence – Lester Howard, Sr. – Samuel Adelbert – Kit180337.  This individual used his own family records to trace his line back to the New York Christopher Youmans Line.  Greener fully corroborated this line down to Adelbert Clarence Youmans, whom Greener said resided in New Scotland,Albany County, N.Y. in 1911.  The Y-DNA testing results predicted that this line shared a common ancestor with the Yoeman NY Line(above) within the past 8-12 generations with a 95% confidence rate at the 67marker level.  Comparing their actual genealogy lineage, we see that they shared a common ancestor exactly nine (9)generations ago.  For the Yoemans NY Line and the Capt. Levi Youmans SC Line (discussed below), Y-DNA test results predicted that that these two lines shared a common ancestor with the Youmans New Scotland NY Line within the past12 generations with a 90% confidence rate at the 67 marker level.  Comparing the Yoemans NY Line actual lineage,we see that they likely shared a common ancestor exactly seven (7) generations ago. 

3.      Yoemans NY Line: The third group is comprised of five (5) family members - Kit Numbers: 143664, N37694, 117031,346170, and 93754.  We will call this the“Yoemans” line. These individuals are part of the project administrator’s immediate family and include me, my father, twin brother, younger brother, and first cousin. This line has been traced back to William Youmans, born ca 1780 in Albany, NY.  For many reasons, it is believed that William’s line descends from Christopher Youmans (Yeamans).  Using the Greener Youmans’ genealogy and my own personal documentation, this line is probably: Christopher Youmans/Yeamans, Solomon – Samuel – Anthony, Sr. – William(born 1750 according to Greener) – William - Stephen Vincent - Lafayette James Youmans - Stephen Harry Yoemans – Walter Robert Yoemans – Kit N37694.  Family records indicate that William Youmans was born ca 1780 in Albany County NY.  He is said to have inherited a property located on the Hudson River in New York.  It is recorded in the family record that he sold this property and donated part of the proceeds to the Trinity Church located in New York on Wall Street.  This Church is still in existence.  He married Lydia Shaw about 1808.  Lydia was born about 1791 in Albany County,NY.  She was the daughter of William Shaw and Sarah A. (Mott) Shaw.  William’s first born son Alanson lists his birth location as Albany, NY, indicating that this was William and Lydia’s residence prior to migrating to Westmoreland,Oneida County, NY, where four of their children were born.  They remained in Westmorland until about1819.  William was a veteran of the War of 1812.  William was listed as having served in the Corps of Riflemen, which was composed of men from the towns of Eaton and Nelson. William is listed under the town of Eaton.  William moved to Madison County NY before1820, the first year he is listed on the Census of the town of Nelson.  In 1850, he listed his occupation as farmer.  William died 17 Jun 1853, Nelson Town, Madison County, NY.  His body is interred in Morrisville, Madison County, New York.  The spelling on his surname on his tombstone is Youmans.  After William’s death, Lydia migrated along with her married children to Lake County, IL; and then, onto Horton, Bremer County, IA.  While it is not known for certain where William resided before moving to Oneida County,there are clues that suggest he could have come from Greene County, where several Youmans families were residing according to the 1790, 1800, and 1810Censuses.   Other evidence used to associate him with Albany County as his birth place is the affidavit sworn by his wife Lydia Shaw on the 28 April 1855 in which she stated: “Lydia Youmans….is a daughter of Sarah Mott (Shaw) Ackley by her marriage with her first husband William Shaw, that the said William Shaw died on the 16th day of October 1807 – that her said mother after the death of her father William Shaw,married Thomas Ackley.  The marriage took place in Bethlehem, County of Albany NY.” In addition, the 1800 census lists William Shaw as living in Green Co.in the town of Coxsackie.  He is listed with a family of seven.  In the Census of1810 there is a Sarah Shaw living in Green Co. in the town of Greenville, which was formed from Coxsackie and Freehold on 26 Mar 1808.  Green Co. was formed from Albany and Ulster on 25 Mar 1800.  The Y-DNA results for this line and their comparison to the Yeoman Line and New Scotland NY Line have already been discussed above.  As explained earlier, the Yoemans NY Line shares a common ancestor with the Yeoman NY Line and with the New Scotland NY Line with a high confidence rate at the 67 marker level.

4.      Capt.Levi Youmans SC Line. This forth line was initially tested back in back in 2010 by two Youmans’ cousins. Their Kit Numbers are: 171955 and 172490.  These two family members hail from South Carolina and trace their lineage back to Capt. Levy Youmans, born ca, 1756.  Since this line matched the Yeomans NY Line, the New Scotland NY Line, and the Yoemans NY Line with a high confidence rate at the 67 marker level, it is quite possible that all of these project members share part of the same line leading back to Christopher Yeamans/Youmans NY Line. There is always speculation about connection to Sir John and his nephew Edward, but no definitive connection so far as we know has been found.  Increased membership is now occurring in this line.  Research on this line has been underway for many years. The NC-SC-GA Youmans/Yeomans Families Genealogy(below) is a rough overview of the consensus that researchers have reached after many years of research. The main players are Capt. Levi (the Tory) Youmans and Solomon Yeomans both of the 4^th generation (see paragraphs 5 and 6 below). It is believed that their families migrated together and ended up for a while in Beaufort District, South Carolina.  Levi’s father is John and Solomon’s father is Harris.  The only proof that Levi is the son of John is John’s will that mentions a Levi and Mary, but does not say how or if theyare related.  Furthermore, it is pure speculation that Harris and John were brothers.  Another complicating factor is that Solomon Yeomans’ (born 1760 Craven Co. NC) descendants Y-DNA results put them in the “I” haplogroup. Thus Solomon Yoemans and Capt. Levi Youmans cannot be recently related patrilineally as they come from two different haplogroups.

 

The NC-SC-GA Youmans/Yeomans Families Genealogy

(R Haplogroup)

 

1. Christopher Yeomans¹, in old age by1740, Hyde Co. NC, married Susannah.  Speculation is that Christopher is the father of:

1. (2) Harris Yoemans, married Ann (see next generation)
2. Elizabeth

2. Harris Yoemans² (Christopher¹):  Speculation is that Harris is the father of the following children: 

                               i.           (3)John Yeomans was born1726 and died 1800, married Barbara

                             ii.           Thomas Yeomans was born 1725

                           iii.           (4)Harris Yeomans born about 1730 and died about 1778, married Mrs. Brown

3. John Yeomans³ (Harris², Christopher¹) is said to be the father of:

                               i.           (5)Capt. Levi Youmans (Tory) born 1750 and died1804 (see generation 4)

                             ii.           Stephen Yeomans born 1759 and died1785

                           iii.           John Youmans Jr. born 1765 and died1836, had son Samuel P. Youmans -- Jefferson Co. FL Line

                           iv.           Mary Youmans 1756,  married Mr. Smith

4. Harris Yeomans³ (Harris², Christopher¹)

                               i.           Harris Yeomans, married Priscilla Hobbs

                             ii.           (6)Solomon Yeomans born 1760, Craven Co. NC

5. Capt. Levi Youmans⁴ (John³, Harris², Christoher¹) is the father of:  (“R” Haplogroup)

                               i.           (7)Levi II Youmans b. 1784 SC d. 1869, Appling Co. GA Line

                             ii.           (8)Stephen Youmans b. 1792 SC d. 1861, Pierce Co.GA Line

                           iii.           John S. Youmans 1850-1880 GA.

                           iv.           (9)William“Gilly” Youmans b. abt. 1777 d. 1850 m. Mary Peoples,  Beaufort SC Line

6. Levi II Youmans⁵ (Levi Youmans⁴ John³Yeomans, Harris², Christoher¹) Appling Co. GA Line. Levi II is the father of:  

                               i.           William Henry⁶ is the progenitor of this line:

a.      John E.⁷

b.     John E. Jr⁸

c.      Alton V.⁹

d.     XX Youmans¹⁰ Kit# MK64350

                             ii.           James⁶ is the progenitor of this line:

a.       Stephen C.⁶

b.      Stephen C. Jr.⁷

c.       William L.⁸

d.     XX Youmans⁹ Kit# MK64351

7. Stephen Youmans⁵ (Levi Youmans⁴ John³Yeomans, Harris², Christoher¹) Pierce Co. GA Line. Stephen is the father of:

                               i.           James S.⁶ is the progenitor of this line:

a.      Lawrence H.⁷

b.      Stephen C.⁸

c.       Lonnie H.⁹

d.     XX Youmans¹⁰ Kit# MK63696

                             ii.           James S.⁶ is the progenitor of this line:

a.      Lawrence H.⁷

b.     Clifford H.D.⁸

c.      Bronze⁹

d.     XX Youmans¹⁰ Kit# MK30158

                           iii.           William R.⁶ is the progenitor of this line:

a.      William Levi⁷

b.     Ander E.⁸

c.      XXYoumans⁹ Kit# MK64295

8. William “Gilly” Youmans⁵ (Levi Youmans⁴ John³Yeomans, Harris², Christoher¹) Beaufort SC Line. William is the progenitor of this highly abbreviated line:

                               i.           Levi D.

a.      (9)Robert Mitchell

b.     (10)Levi Dee

9. Robert Mitchel Youmans⁶ (William “Gilly” ⁵ Levi Youmans⁴ John³Yeomans, Harris², Christoher¹)

                               i.           Gird Alvin

a.      John Kit# 172490

10. Levi Dee⁶ (William “Gilly” ⁵ Levi Youmans⁴ John³Yeomans, Harris², Christoher¹)

                             ii.           Jasper Kit# 171955

 

The NC-SC-GA Youmans/Yeomans Families Genealogy

(I Haplogroup)

 

1. Solomon Yeomans⁴ (John³, Harris², Christoher¹) is the father of: (“I” Haplogroup)

                               i.           (2)John Yeomans b. abt. 1794 d. 1864

2. John⁵ Yeomans (Solomon⁴, John³, Harris², Christoher¹) Emanuel Co. GA Line.  John is the father of:

                               i.           Donald E.⁶ is the progenitor of this line:

a.      Charlie L.⁷

b.     James W.⁸

c.      XX Youmans⁹ MK6429

                             ii.           James⁶ is the progenitor of this line:

a.      Jordon C.⁷

b.     Waldo⁸

c.      XX Youmans⁹ MK6369⁷

                           iii.           Solomon S⁶. is the progenitor of this line:

a.      Nathan R.⁷

b.     William C.⁸

c.      XX McLean⁹ Kit# 213393

d.     XX Mclean¹⁰ Kit# 186595

 

The consensus has grown over the years that Levi Youmans of Appling County, Georgia, Stephen Youmans of Pierce County Georgia, and William “Gilly” Youmans Beaufort South Carolina, areall sons of Capt. Levi Youmans, who was a Tory during the Revolutionary War.  So, as of now, we have tested descendants of the Beaufort SC Line, Levi of Appling Co., and Stephen of Pierce Co.  In an effort to test more individuals from the NC-SC-GA Youmans/Yeomans Families, David Moore has enlisted six (6) new Y-DNA donors. These are the Kit Numbers: MK64350, MK64351, MK63696, MK30158,and MK64295.  These Kit Numbers are depicted next to the individual last names. As of now, we have tested results on two descendants of the Stephen of Pierce Co. GA Line.  These are Kit Numbers MK63696 and MK30158. These individuals trace their line back to Stephen Youmans born ca 1792 in South Carolina. Y-DNA results from these two kits continue to show a strong family relationship with the New York Christopher Line families (i.e. Yeoman NY Line, New Scotland NY Line, and Yoemans NY Line).  Prior to Y-DNA testing, it was assumed that Solomon Yeomans came out of the same line as Capt. Levi Youmans.  However, this cannot be true as they are in two different haplogroups. The Y-DNA tests for Kit Numbers 213393 and 186595 were completed back in2010. They were the first to show the “I” haplogroup for Solomon Yeomans.  This was thought to have occurred because of adoption.  More recently, however,MK63697 also tested in the “I” haplogroup. We have one Kit Number MK64296 still pending, which may shed more light on the Solomon Yeomans Line.     

5.      David Youmans Line: This fifth line represents one individual – Kit Number 871190 who traces his line back to Christopher Yeamans/Youmans, Solomon, Solomon, Solomon Jr, Jeremiah, Mary M. Youmans…., David Youmans(Kit Number 871190).   Y-DNA results from these kits continue to show a strong family relationship with the New York Christopher Yeamans/Youmans Line families (i.e. Yeoman Line, New Scotland Line,and Yoemans Line).

6.  Milton Youmans Line: This sixth family is comprised of a single individual – Kit Number 172235.  Nothing further is known on his genealogy.  Y-DNA results from this kit show a strong family relationship with the New York Christopher Yeamans/Youmans Line families.

7.      Ian Youmans Line: This seventh family is comprised of a single individual – Kit Number 467570.  Nothing further is known on his genealogy. Y-DNA results from this kit continue shows a strong family relationship with the New York Christopher Yeamans/Youmans Line families.

Important Factors When Comparing Y-DNA Results: When making comparisons among and between project members, consideration must be given to the fast moving markers that can cause genetic distance differences between close family members.  These differences can occur within a single generation.  For example, project members, whose Kit Numbers are 171955 and 172490, are known to be first cousins yet they have a genetic distance of two (2) at the 67 marker level.  Therefore, using John as a baseline for comparison would yield a very different result when comparing my Y-DNA results at the 67marker level.  For John, my genetic distance is six (6) whereas my genetic difference to Jasper is only four(4).   The same would be true for all the Yeomans members who match John at the 67 marker level. Their genetic distance differences are all increased by a one to two marker difference over that of Jasper’s.  There are a number of genetic differences within the Yoemans NY Line among and between father and sons and between father and nephew and sons and their first cousin.  These differences are compensated for by using a technique known as bridging.  To overcome these fast marker differences, you have to develop a normalized baseline within a family group and use it for comparison to the other family groups.